Project Based Learning (PBL)

PBL for DECEMBER -DNA Extraction Kit

• References: Only use Websites ending in .gov, .edu , .net , .org. references ending in .com will not be allowed for your research.
• DO NOT USE wikipedia.org, this is the only .org website you are not allowed to use. 
• Minimum 6 references.

 PBL LAUNCHThis assignment will be due on December 15, 2015

Ch. 8 DNA and Protein Synthesis

Chapter 8 DNA and Protein Synthesis

Due 11/19

300 word essay (typed or written) explaining if you agree or disagree with  Watson and Crick receiving the Noble Peace Prize.

View, take notes, & Answer the questions

Link to the Questions

Secret of Photo 51

Section 8.1

Griffith Experiment

Hershey-Chase Experiment

Section 8.2

DNA is made up of 3 structures (phosphate, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base)

Watson and Crick Model

Base Pairing Rules

Each base held to the other by Hydrogen Bonds

Section 3: DNA Replication

Question on STAAR

DNA REPLICATION

Section 4 & 5 

Transcription (in the nucleus using DNA template)

DNA to Proteins

Translation (in the cytoplasm using ribosomes)

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Using the Codon Chart....

Review GAME

Ch. 6

Chapter 6

Section 1: Chromosomes & Meiosis

Your body produces 2 types of cells....

1. Germ Cells aka Sex Cells aka Gametes

2. Somatic Cells aka body cells (all other cells in your body)

The number of chromosomes varies within species....

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes in each cell (46 chromosomes total)

Fruit flies have 4 pairs of chromosomes in each cell (8 chromosomes total)

Dogs have 39 pairs in each cell

Cats have 19 pairs...

No matter what species you have each chromosome has its pair (the same size and copies of the same genes)

These two pairs of chromosomes are called HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES

The EXCEPTIONS are the Sex Chromosomes... 

Fertilization happens when an egg (having 23 chromosomes, Haploid cell) combines with the sperm (having 23 chromosomes, Haploid cell) forming a DIPLOID CELL

Haploid Vs Diploid

Syndromes of Sex Linked Chromosomes

Turner Syndrome

                               

Klinefelter Syndrome

Extra Y Chromosome

Some More Info

What about Down Syndrome

 Are Men Going Extinct?

Mitosis vs Meiosis

DIFFERENCES: Meiosis has 2 Divisions & The Result are 2 GENETICALLY DIFFERENT HAPLOID cells

UNIQUE OCCURRENCE IN PROPHASE I

(CROSSOVER)

Review

Ch. 5.3 Regulation of the Cell Cycle

Section 5.3 Regulation of Cell Cycle

The regulation, or control, of the cell cycle is important for healthy cells to grow. Having uncontrollable division results in what we know as CANCER! 

Take a look at this video....

Cancer Cells vs Normal Cells

The cell uses Internal and External Factors 

External Factors: The cell uses physical and chemical signals to control the cell cycle. When cells get around other cells they stop dividing.

Many cells release chemicals to neighboring cells to begin to divide.


Internal Factors: When external factors bind to cells they cause a response inside the cell. Enzymes and proteins help the cell move through the cell cycle.


Apoptosis: Programmed cell death. When the cell is damaged or it is no longer useful it programs itself to die. This avoids any problem the cell might contain from spreading to neighboring cells.

take a look...

Apoptosis

Uncontrolled Cell Division


Benign tumors: relatively harmless because they clump together and can be removed

Malignant tumors: cancer cells that break away from the tumor and travel to other parts of the body.

Metastasize: Once the malignant tumors break away and travel through the blood stream they appear at other parts of the body

Metastasis

Carcinogens substances that are known to cause or lead to cancer

Is Red Meat Giving You Cancer

Benign Tumor?

Lets review

Section 5.4 Asexual Reproduction

Asexual reproduction is the production of offspring from a single parent. The offspring are, for the most part, genetically identical to each other and to the parent.

Usually seen in prokaryotes. Eukaryotes undergo asexual reproduction through mitosis.

• Multicellular organisms undergo a different type of asexual reproduction called known as mitosis, vegetative reproduction, and/or "budding". EX: Starfish, Hydra

Budding/Fission in Starfish

Parthenogenics

Eukaryote Binary Fission

Prokaryote Binary Fission

Advantage & Disadvantage of 

asexual reproduction 

Why Sex?

Advantage & Disadvantage of asexual reproduction 

Advantages and Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction

Section 5: Multicellular Life

Level of organization

Cell differentiation: the process by which cells that do not have a specialized function develop a specialized function.

What Are Stem Cells?

How Do They Get Stem Cells?

Growing Organs From Stem Cells

A Stem Cell Story

Trachea Transplant Using Stem Cells