Ch. 18 Viruses and Bacteria

Viruses and Bacteria

Chapter 18: Viruses and Bacteria 

In case you've miss placed your Chapter 18 Interactive Readers. Print them out from home or from the school library. To view and print click link below. 

18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6

Battlefield Cell Video

Essay Prompt: Explain the Procedure of Infection of this Virus

How does this virus spread?

What classifies organisms as living?

Are viruses alive?

What makes up a virus?

How do viruses replicate?

What are some examples of viruses?

Viruses are not considered living because they do not meet these characteristics...but once in a host they hijack the its machinery to create more of the virus.

Many viruses have a similar composition of protein and nucelic acid. (some have a lipid coat)

A viruses can replicate using 2 cycle processes:

Lytic Cycle where the cell bursts, killing the host cell.

Lysogenic Cycle where the viral DNA is integrated into the host DNA. External factors (stress conditions) may trigger the virus into going into the Lytic Cycle.

What are some examples of viruses?

Ebola: fatality rate of up to 90%, the Ebola Virus Disease (also called Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever) is believed to be one of the deadliest virus infection all over the world.

 

Rabies Virus: causes 55,000 human deaths each year, if left untreated 100% fatality rate.

Smallpox Virus: very few deaths due to a vaccine but if patients contract the virus 90% fatality rate .

Chickenpox Virus: (varicella) used to be very common in the United States before the chickenpox vaccine became available in 1995. In the early 1990s, an average of 4 million people got chickenpox, 10,500 to 13,000 were hospitalized (range, 8,000 to 18,000), and 100 to 150 died each year.

HIV: this virus has claimed the lives of millions. In many cases if no treatment/medication 100% fatality.

SARS: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome about 10% fatality rate.

Rhinovirus

How do you get the Common Cold

Influenza

Avian Flu

Viroids: nucleic acid molecule that infects plants

Prions: protein molecule that infects the hosts neurological system
Mad Cow Disease

Zika virus

Are you controlled by viruses

CH. 18 QUIZ CLICK HERE

Prokaryotes

Characteristics:

• no membrane bound organelles
• free floating DNA in circular form and/or a plasmid (separate part of DNA)
• unicellular
• motile (movement) by use of flagella and/or pili

Groups of Prokaryotes

• Obligate anaerobes can not survive in the presence of O2
• Obligate aerobes must have O2 to survive
• Facultative aerobes are can survive in the presence or absence of O2.

Archaebacteria vary in shapes and live in extreme environments

There are 3 types of structures of Eubacteria.

Rod shape - Bacilli 

Spiral shape - Spirilla

Spherical shape - Cocci

Reproduction/Conjugation

Bacteria reproduce sexually using their pili

They can also reproduce asexually through  BINARY FISSION.

Gram Staining

Gram Negative Bacteria have the extra layer of protection which makes them harder to treat. Their cell walls are resistant to several classes of antibiotics.

Benefits/Treatments

Some bacteria inside our bodies are beneficial. They help organisms breakdown food. Some make vitamins and other compounds.

They have a mutualistic symbiosis with organisms. Bacteria breakdown food and keep them healthy, while organisms protect them.

Bacteria can be treated with Antibiotics. 

Brainpop

Amoeba Sister's Prokaryotes Review

EXAMPLES

E.coli & Salmonella= cause food poisoning

 

H.Pylori= cause ulcers and gastritis

Staphylococcus aureus= causes a variety of infections in the body, including boils, cellulitis, abscesses, wound infections, toxic shock syndrome, pneumonia, and food poisoning

Streptococcus pyogenes = strept throat

Nactrotizing fasciitis = Flesh eating bacteria

 

Leprocy

Bringing Awareness To A Pathogen

Ch. 17

The Tree of Life

Ch. 17 Interactive Reader

Classification

17.1  System of Classification



How would you classify this organism?
Plant (artichoke)? Animal (armadillo)?



Their body is covered in large scales similar in arrangement to dinosaur bone plates! They have no teeth instead they have an organ similar to a bird's gizzard!



Pangolin Feeding

When was a classification system created? By Who?

Carlous Linnaeus "The Father of Taxonomy"



What is taxonomy?
Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms.

He started classifying organisms based on physical characteristics into groups called "taxon" or levels of organization. 

   

"Dear King Phillip Came Over For Green Soup"
"Dumb Kids Playing Catch On Freeway Get Smashed" 

This classification order goes from BROAD to SPECIFIC. 

Linnaeus classification system gives each species a two part scientific name. This system is called BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE .



This naming system includes the organisms GENUS and SPECIES. 
Ex: Homo (Genus) sapiens (Species)......Homo sapien
Ex: Canus (Genus) lupis (Species)......Canus lupus

Genus is always CAPITALIZED, species is ALWAYS lowercase.

The purpose of this system is so scientist around the would could communicate with each other.

Which species is least related to the others?

                    
Ursus americanus                                 Ursus arctos

                      

Ailuropoda melanoleuca                    Ursus maritimus 




Who is this organism closest relative?

Red Panda                             Racoon
                       

Ailurus fulgens                                 Procyon lotor



Ailuropoda melanoleuca



BrainPop Classification Beginning of Wednesday.

Grade Scale


17.2 Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships

Have you ever observed bats at the zoo? You've likely noticed that they have several features in common with birds, like wings. However they are more closely related to rodents and primates than birds!

Certain animals share similar traits which are often the result of having a common ancient ancestor, like dogs and wolves.

To classify organisms scientist must use more than their physical traits /appearance; they must use evidence of living species, fossil records, and molecular data.

The evolutionary history of a group of a species is called phylogeny. They are represented as a branching tree diagram.

Each species on top is called clade.



Just like a branch on a family tree shows the relationship between family members, the branches on these trees show how different species are related to each other.



The boxes below represent derived characters, a trait/feature that is involved in that specific taxonomic group.

Cladistics are used to determine common ancestors with the goal of representing each species in the order in which they descended from the common ancestor.

Molecular comparison data differences between Protein Cytochrome c



17.4 Domains and Kingdoms

What would you classify these organisms as? Eukaryotes? Prokaryotes?
  
   

Eukaryotes: Presence of a nucleus.
Prokaryotes: No nucleus.

There are only 3 Domains of life.



The history of classifying starts with.....
Plants and Animals (Aristotle) used up until 1753


Carol Woese revealed that the bacteria in the Kingdom Monera actually differed genetically and must be placed in different Kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. Now there are 6 Kingdoms of Life.



Even Amy Prefers Fewer People Around

Brainpop 6 Kingdoms

Out of all the kingdoms BACTERIA reign as the most abundant organisms in the world.

In fact there are more bacteria in your mouth right now than there are people that ever lived!!!!

The major difference between bacteria and archaebacteria:

Archaebacteria are considered extremophiles because they live in extreme environments.Ex: extremely high temp. extremely low temp.

       



The kingdom that is most difficult to identify common characteristics is the Kingdom Protista.

All animals, plants,and fungi are multicellular...BUT....
In the Kingdom Protista all organisms are different from one another. Some are multicellular. Some are unicellular. Some are plant-like. Some are animal-like.